< Previousby John O’ Leary QS-APPLE 2019 - The first QS conference held in Japan Professor Feridun Hamdullahpur, Vice-Chancellor, University of Waterloo Dr Koichi Wakata, Astronaut, Japan Aerospace Exploration AgencyThe first QS-APPLE conference held in Japan drew a sold-out audience of 700 delegates to the coastal city Fukuoka, the home of Kyushu University, in November 2019. Over three days, academics and university administrators grappled with the twin challenges of an ageing society and the impact of the fourth industrial revolution. Vice-chancellors, scientists, leading employers and even an astronaut shared their ideas on how universities should respond. The delegates were also given an exclusive breakdown of the 2020 QS Asian ranking, topped by the National University of Singapore. Larger than ever before, with 550 universities, the ranking covers 18 countries and autonomous regions, with 65 institutions featured for the first time this year. Beyond the plenary sessions on its main theme, the conference split into five tracks covering the specialist concerns of delegates. They included international movement of students and academics, graduate employability, global research partnerships and university branding. But it was the discussions on the fourth industrial revolution and, in particular, on the implications for universities of ageing societies that provided the highlights. A series of outstanding presentations underlined the need for new approaches from universities to safeguard their own futures and contribute to the social and economic wellbeing of their regions. From the start, the delegates were split on whether universities could adapt to the dramatic technological and demographic changes they faced. More than a third of those taking part in a debate on the subject thought that they would not. Japan was an apt location for the discussions, with researchers in universities and companies at the forefront of advances in artificial intelligence and the young population in decline while longevity increases. Already, nearly a quarter of the population is over 65 and by 2050, the proportion is expected to reach or exceed a third. Other parts of Asia, including Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and China, are facing similar challenges, starving universities of their traditional candidates as well as storing up problems in catering for the elderly. At the same time, young ‘digital natives’ are demanding change in teaching methods that resemble those employed centuries ago. However, Professor Feridun Hamdullahpur, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Waterloo in Canada, illustrated what universities could do to build the talent and knowledge that will fuel the fourth industrial revolution, coping with the disruption of artificial intelligence, connected devices, an ageing population and shifting economic power. “Education, research and service to the community will remain the central pillars of the university,” he said. “But how will they be delivered and connected?” Waterloo adopted three criteria for undergraduate education: excellence in all disciplines and interdisciplinary programs; exposure to research and scholarship; and a window to the world through work-integrated learning. Some 22,000 students undertook ’co-op’ programs working with employers as part of their course in 2018-19, and the format was the university’s biggest attraction for applicants. “Soft skills are as essential as quantum physics in today’s higher education, and employer partnerships and work experience help to develop them.” Professor Lily Kong, President of Singapore Management University (SMU), explored the challenges and opportunities for universities from what she described as the “megatrend” of ageing societies, with the number of people over 65 years of age outnumbering children under five for the first time. Universities would need to respond to the demands of older people and of working adults’ need for reskilling, she said. “If we think that the traditional undergraduate degree is going to prepare a young person for the whole of their working life, think again,” Professor Kong said. Continuing education used to be associated with courses such as flower arranging, she added, but there would be a need for frequent upskilling and reskilling, which could not be left to private providers alone. Singapore has adopted the Skills Future program to prepare for these demands, giving all adults $500 to pay for courses. SMU established an academy in 2017 to focus on functional skills and provide customized courses. It already catered for 10,000 students, with another 10,000 signed up for courses in areas such as data analytics and blockchain. Kong said the university was focusing particularly on healthcare, despite not having a medical school or nursing provision, because efficient management would be vital management as the demand for healthcare grew. Professor Jack Yu-Chuan Li, Dean of the College of Medical Science and Technology at Taipei Medical University, illustrated the challenges the health sector faces, which he said were the most serious in the last 50 years. Largely because of ageing populations, global spending on healthcare had risen 10% every year - a rate that eventually would not be affordable. One saving grace would be the advance of artificial intelligence (AI), which was already producing more reliable diagnoses than humans in some fields. Professor Yu-Chuan Li said 2045 was predicted as the “age of superintelligence”, when computers would have the same number of connections as the human brain, but AI would change the nature of medicine long before that. Leading employers joined a panel discussion at the conference on the qualities they would seek from tomorrow’s graduates and universities’ views of what they would need. Ayako Nakayama, General Manager of the Human Resources and General Affairs Division of Mitsui, said the company was looking above all for curiosity and a spirit of inquiry in its recruits, with the agility and proactiveness to cope with a fast-changing world. Mitsui, she said, was based on “long- term grand aspirations” which it took into the new fields it had moved into, such as healthcare and chemicals. “We are not looking for day one work-ready graduates,” Nakayama said. “We hire for potential, so we focus on the character traits of graduates.” Dr Katsuhiko Hirose, until October a professional partner at Toyota where he worked for 39 years, said the future was not predictable, so universities’ role was to educate students and help them grow. “Universities can raise their antennae higher and show how to collect information and use it productively,” Dr Hirose said. Professor Chiharu Kubo, President of Kyushu, said Japan was taking population issues very seriously. But he added: “No one country can overcome these problems alone. That is why this conference is so important - higher education must meet the challenges ahead through experts working together.” In his closing remarks, Professor Kubo cited the growing number of attacks on freedom and democracy, and the increasing numbers of refugees as interconnected global themes where universities could make positive contributions. “We can achieve a great deal internationally,” he said. “Nothing would please me more than if we could help cement the bond between people across the world.”There is an old adage, much beloved of business school professors like me, that “there are organizations that make things happen, organizations that watch things happen and organizations that wonder what happened”. Think Apple and Samsung, that have led the smartphone revolution, Nokia the former market leader that watched from the side-lines, and Blackberry, the once iconic cellphone brand with a full alphanumeric keypad, that has almost disappeared without trace - no doubt wondering, “what happened?” I had the privilege of chairing the QS-APPLE 2019 annual global Conference and Exhibition hosted by Kyushu University in Japan. The QS-APPLE conference brings together international educators, senior academic administrators and government officials from across the world to network, exchange best practice and track developments in higher education in the Asia-Pacific. I am fortunate to have chaired this international conference since 2008 - making this year’s conference my 12th - because it is such an invaluable opportunity to understand what is happening in the higher education sector and ensure that our university, Fiji National University, is making things happen rather than wondering what happened. Reflecting the location in 2019, the conference theme was “Industrial Revolution 4.0 and Ageing Societies: The Changing Roles of Universities in the Asia-Pacific”. Japan is in vanguard of exploiting the opportunities presented by “Industry 4.0” and the advent of artificial intelligence (AI), robotics and big data, while at the same time facing up to the challenges of rapid and unprecedented demographic change. As birth rates fall below the “replacement rate” of 2.0 (the birth rate in Japan is now 1.4 live births per woman) and life expectancy continues to increase at roughly one month a year, the shape of Japan’s population is changing, with fewer young people and an increasing proportion of elderly citizens. The conference explored the implications of these two dramatic trends in society for higher education. The demographic changes in Japan are evident across East Asia. South Korea, China, Hong Kong SAR, and Taiwan all per woman and Fiji is set to join them by 2030 on current projections. Similarly, despite the astonishing development of the telecommunications industry and today’s state-of-the-art digital connectivity, we continue to think that technology is just about making it easier to watch movies on Netflix and Facetime our relatives overseas. But Industry 4.0 is transforming the labor market and we are not immune. To cite an obvious example, Fiji has benefitted from “business process outsourcing”, most notably by hosting major international call centres. AI is already destroying these jobs. Call your bank in most countries and you will be talking to an intelligent machine, not a human. Just as Netflix wiped out the world’s video stores, AI will replace call centres, as well as lawyers, accountants - even doctors according to some pundits. The message for universities from QS-APPLE 2019 is that, if we are not to wonder what happened, we need to plan for a future where our students are older, often returnees to higher education, and we have to develop a curriculum that prepares our students for continuous change, rather than training them for today’s labor market. Both are massive challenges to the conventional university, which has evolved to serve school-leavers and educate them to be “work-ready” for today’s jobs. During the conference, I took part in a debate about the future of higher education and I was asked by the audience about the biggest obstacles to making things happen, rather than wondering what happened. My answer was “courage”. There are 28,000 universities in the world. Nearly 40% of the world’s school-leavers go to university. Not only do all universities look the same, but they are globally ranked by organizations like QS according to widely accepted benchmarks. Breaking away from the pack and addressing the challenges of “Industrial Revolution 4.0 and Ageing Societies” means rethinking the role of universities for the decades ahead. It takes courage to think differently. face a collapsing number of young people, resulting in schools and universities closing. At the same time, Industry 4.0 is not just displacing existing jobs, but it is forcing middle-aged workers to retrain and reskill in order to continue working. Most people in the region will need to work until at least 70 in order to save enough for their retirement, which will increasingly reach into their 90s. The risk to Fiji is that we do not properly debate - and so prepare for - the tsunami of social and economic change that is coming. Often, I hear policymakers referring to our median age of 27.5 years, consoling themselves that we have a youthful population so that ageing demographics are someone else’s problem. But the average number of live births per woman in Fiji has dropped from 6.5 in 1960 to 2.5 today and it is continuing to fall rapidly. Neighboring Australia and New Zealand are already below the replacement rate of 2.0 births WOW News 14Asia & Oceania QS WOWNEWS is a quarterly newsletter that highlights student and faculty achievements, programme developments, research breakthroughs, innovations, international collaborations, international mobility agreements and other notable accomplishments happening within universities across the world. Circulation Profile The online edition is emailed to our extensive network of academics and university leaders worldwide. Complimentary copies of the print edition are also sent to university leaders around the world. In addition, these copies are distributed at all QS events such as our QS Conferences (QS-APPLE, QS-MAPLE, QS WORLDWIDE), QS Subject Focus Summits and QS in conversation seminars. Editor Claresta Yeo (claresta@qs.com) Advertising Sales Contact ask@qs.com Advertisement Coordinator: Alloysius Ching (alloysius@qs.com) Design and Print Management QS Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd Copyright © QS Asia Quacquarelli Symonds Pte Ltd 18 Sin Ming Lane #06-10/11 Midview City, Singapore 573960 Tel: +65 6457 4822; Fax: +65 6457 7832 Email: ask@qs.com MCI (P) 071/01/2020 www.qswownews.com Malaysia - The Baju Kedah is a traditional costume synonymous to the culture of Kedah. Thus, to revive its glory and explore its marketability, the Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) has produced the Baju Kedah by embellishing it with Sintok batik or ‘Cyntok Bhatik’. The launching ceremony of the ‘Cyntok Bhatik’ was officiated by Her Royal Highness Che Puan Muda Zaheeda binti Mohamad Ariff, the Raja Puan Muda of Kedah at Stesen Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB) Kuala Lumpur on 16 November 2019. The Raja Puan Muda of Kedah said in her speech that Baju Kedah, also known as the ‘baju sekerat’ (blouse) or ‘baju gombang’ had been around since the reign of Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin (1854- 1879). In fact, the Sultanah of Kedah at that time, known as Mak Wan Besar, wore it daily and during formal functions at the palace. “I am amazed at the modules produced by researchers at School of Creative Industry Management and Performing Arts (SCIMPA), with the concept of ‘‘benefiting each other’ that is from the university to the community and with the industry sharing the benefits with the rural community. “I have also been informed that SCIMPA is entrusted with the responsibility of assisting and providing value to the The ‘Cyntok Bhatik’ Baju Kedah brings back glory of Kedah traditional costume people of Pendang district by increasing the involvement of single mothers, housewives and the community. The Raja Puan Muda of Kedah also said that the efforts would not only attract government bodies such as RISDA, KEDA and other corporate sectors; but was also well received by all parties, particularly by the local fashion and tourism industries, and those involved in Kedah tourism such as Langkawi and other tourist destinations. “As 2020 is Visit Malaysia Year, I am hopeful that this project will be ready to be commercialized domestically and overseas. UUM under the leadership of the Vice-Chancellor has managed to look at the prospects of the creative industry through the fashion branch to create another sustainable tourism product that can double as a souvenir for visitors,“ she said. The project, led by Associate Professor Dr Adzrool Idzwan Ismail from SCIMPA, is the brainchild of the Vice-Chancellor and was inspired by four elements found in Sintok valley namely Sintok tree, fruit from the Sintok tree, bougainvillea flowers and its leaves. The ‘Cyntok Bhatik’ Baju Kedah is seen as a research and community service project that has the potential to highlight and revive Kedah’s cultural traditions. Hence it is ought to be widely displayed in line with efforts to improve the people’s economy. A total of nine basic designs for Phase 1 of this study were successfully completed and registered as intellectual property by UUM. With the existence of the Baju Kedah project, it not only restores the tradition of the garment, but also renders assistance to boost the economy of the state of Kedah, benefiting the B40 target group of single mothers and housewives and women who wish to help their families through basic sewing skills. ‘Cyntok Bhatik’ was officiated by Her Royal Highness Che Puan Muda Zaheeda binti Mohamad Ariff, the Raja Puan Muda of KedahWOW News 15Asia & Oceania Hong Kong - Researchers from the Department of Applied Physics at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University contributed the following three research papers that were recently published in the Nature series journals, which are among the most authoritative and recognized scientific journals in the world. Optoelectronic resistive random- access memory (ORRAM) for neuromorphic vision sensors - “Nature Nanotechnology” A research team led by Dr Yang Chai developed an optoelectronic device that mimics the retina’s image sensing, memorization, and pre-processing functions with image recognition accuracy and efficiency exceeding existing artificial visual systems. Experimental findings have demonstrated the ORRAM device’s great potential in enhancing neuromorphic visual system by simplifying the circuitry and efficiently processing an overwhelming amount of dynamic visual information. By greatly reducing the amount of hardware and power consumption required, this innovation will provide new dimensions to the development of edge computing and Internet of Things. Continuous artificial synthesis of glucose precursor using enzyme- immobilized microfluidic reactors - “Nature Communications” A team led by Dr Zhang Xu-ming fabricated the RuBisCO-immobilized microfluidic reactor (RIMR), to replicate the opto-fluidic system of leaf veins in conducting the crucial first phase reaction of CO2 fixation in natural photosynthesis. Experimental findings indicated that with only a small amount of RuBisCO, the RIMRs can continuously produce 3-PGA (an organic acid crucial in producing glucose) by constantly injecting the basis materials (RuBP and carbon dioxide). This innovation offers a promising solution to the industrial production of food materials (such as sugar and starch) and biofuel in a low-cost and convenient way. Enhanced sieving from exfoliated MoS2 membranes via covalent functionalization - “Nature Materials” Dr Nicolas Onofrio and his team developed a nanolaminate membrane based on covalently functionalized molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets. Made of two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene oxide, nanolaminate membranes are promising candidates for molecular sieving via size-limited diffusion in the two-dimensional capillaries. However, high hydrophilicity makes these membranes unstable in water. The covalent functionalization of exfoliated nanosheets can solve this problem by efficiently controlling the interlayer spacing to enhance the sieving performance of nanolaminate membranes. They demonstrated remarkable performance towards water purification and desalination, with high rejection of micropollutants and sodium chloride compared to the current state of the art. PolyU research papers published in Nature series journals Experimental demonstration of background noise reduction by processing images with ORRAM Three-dimensional diagram and the photograph (inset) of the RIMR Molecular representation of the inside of methyl- functionalized MoS2 membraneWOW News 16Asia & Oceania Hong Kong - According to the World Health Organization, in 2018, cardiovascular disease (CVD) was one of the leading causes of death worldwide, claiming almost twice as many lives per year than cancer. Therefore, leading scientists in biomedical engineering and data science were brought together to develop a large-scale initiative to tackle CVD; and a memorandum of understanding (MOU) was signed between City University of Hong Kong (CityU) and University of Oxford (OU) with the aim of strengthening collaboration in health engineering. The MOU was signed by Professor Way Kuo, President of CityU, and Professor Louise Richardson, Vice-Chancellor at Oxford, on behalf of both institutions. Other guests present at the signing ceremony included Professor Zhang Yuanting, Chair Professor of Biomedical Engineering; Professor Sir Colin Blakemore, Senior Fellow of the Hong Kong Institute for Advanced Study and the Yeung Kin Man Chair Professor of Neuroscience; Dr David Cheng Xing, Director of Global Engagement MOU between City University of Hong Kong and the University of Oxford promotes health engineering of CityU; Professor Alison Noble, Technikos Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Fellow of the Royal Society and Fellow of the UK Royal Academy of Engineering; Professor David Clifton, Professor of Clinical Machine Learning; and Jeremy Woodall, Director of Development of OU. Through this collaboration, both universities will work closely to develop detailed plans and proposals for the establishment of the Oxford-CityU research center in collaboration with Karolinska Institutet. The Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering (OCCHE) will build on world-leading expertise in developing innovative technologies for solving real- world healthcare problems and address the current pressing needs for CVD prevention. The proposed OCCHE aims to develop new technologies focused on improving understanding and tackling of cardiovascular disease - these technologies include wearable healthcare devices, flexible and stretchable sensors, medical and molecular imaging, and artificial intelligence (AI)-based approaches. Food sharing for vulnerable families: NKUHT and UCAKS held banquet for thousands of people Taiwan - The Council of Social Service at National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism (NKUHT) and Kaohsiung United Charity Association (UCAKS) came together to advocate the idea of eliminating food waste, and promoting of the reduction of plastics, carbon, and waste. On 2 November 2019, both organizations held the “Kaohsiung City Food-Sharing Banquet for Thousands” at Taiwan Sugar Logistics Park with the objective of tapping into the power of food sharing to support vulnerable families. NKUHT and UCAKS also prepared NT2000 worth of food coupons to be distributed to 500 vulnerable families. The Council of Social Service cooking team made good use of various fresh but ‘ugly’ fruits, vegetables and products nearing their expiration dates which were donated by groups to create eight different types of dishes. The team offered a creative and delicious banquet including braised rice noodles, egg yolk with cabbage and pork, seafood hot pot with over 600 kg of cabbage, and chocolate nut tarts, to thousands of people. Cheng-Chung Chen, Council of Social Service Chief Executive and Chair of the Department of Chinese Culinary Arts, Min-Hui Jiang, Chair of the International Bachelor’s Program of Culinary Arts, Chef Sheng-Yao Xie and Chef Nicholas Pena Alvarez of the International Bachelor’s Program of Culinary Arts, Chef Chih-Hsin Lin from Department of Chinese Culinary Arts, Chef Xian-Zheng Wang from the Department of Banking Technology and Management, Chef Mu-Sheng Li from the Department of Culinary Arts, and NKUHT alumni Jian-Da Li, Kai-Yi, Chen, Xue-Yuan Liu, Li, Zi-Yu and many others joined the team to advise on new means to create dishes from leftover ingredients. Graduate students were led by Dr Jian- Zhi Ye from the Graduate Institute of Food Culture and Innovation to teach participants how to use leftovers so that everyone can be a master of saving food. NKUHT President Pearl Lin said in order to advocate university social responsibility and fulfill social responsibility, the faculty from NKUHT founded the Council of Social Service. The Council of Social Service and chefs from UCAKS worked hard to promote the value of food, redefine leftovers and spread the idea of cherishing food. The food for the event was donated by the Carrefour Cultural and Educational Foundation, Alliance of Taiwan Foodbanks, Taiwan People’s Food Bank Association, Shin Ho Sing Ocean enterprise CO., LTD., Leadray Livestock, Taiwan Yiming Enterprise CO., LTD., Shi Dai CO., LTD., Chiyao School, Fonterra Brands (New Young) Pte. LTD.-Taiwan Branch, Emporium Corporation, and Gourmet’s Partner. President Kuo (left) and Professor Richardson, Vice-Chancellor at Oxford, agreed to collaborate on health engineering Cheng-Chung Chen, from the Department of Chinese Culinary Art, helps create the feast in NKUHTWOW News 17Asia & Oceania A LEADING GLOBAL UNIVERSITY Innovation exists in every aspect of our professional education and problem-driven research. In our world-first discoveries in science and engineering. In our pioneering integration of teaching and research. In our academics and students, from Hong Kong and the rest of the world. In our local, regional and international impact. That’s why we excel. We are ranked 52nd in the world and 4th among the world’s top 50 universities under 50 years of age, according to the Quacquarelli Symonds rankings; and in the top 15 in Asia, according to the Times Higher Education rankings.WOW News 18Asia & Oceania Russian-German Raw Materials Dialogue: Economy and ecology tied together Russian Federation - The launch of a large-scale waste management reform was announced in Russia with the aim of increasing recycling rates and eliminating waste dumps. Many points of the reform were taken from the German waste management principles. As such, the issue of recycling has since become one of the most popular topics at the XII Russian-German Raw Materials Dialogue -- an annual event organized by Mining University. During the first stage of the waste management reform, the government chose to shift the financial responsibility to Russian citizens. Waste pick-up and processing fees are now calculated based on the number of residents registered in each apartment rather than living area. Additionally, in each constituent entity of the Russian Federation, a single operator was selected to carry out the removal and processing of the municipal solid waste. These organizations were given the right to determine tariffs independently. This resulted in a price hike in waste collection and growing discontent among citizens. In addition, the landfill area in Russia exceeded 4 million hectares. Experts pointed out if no measures were taken, the annual growth of waste dump areas was expected to total up to 0.4 million hectares, and in 2026 the waste accumulation area would reach 8 million hectares. In contrast, only 1% of city waste in Germany is buried at landfills; while over 64% of waste goes into recycling. Germany takes the lead in handling waste within the EU. Over the past 30 years, the country has undergone significant transformation by reducing the number of landfill sites from 50,000 to 300. By 2022, all of Germany’s waste is expected to be recycled. The Deputy Prime Minister of Russia, Alexey Gordeyev, said, “There are hardly any alternatives - we either accept that waste incineration is a way of its disposal and adopt waste-to-energy concept, or instead we bury waste and make new dump sites”. According to Leonid Weisberg, Chairman of the Board of Directors of a Russian Mekhanobr-Tekhnika, said, “It would not be correct to declare that we are building the waste industry from scratch. We must remember that Russians knew about the rational utilization of resources - some 60 years ago we had been already collecting scrap metals, wastepaper, glassware. There is nothing to prevent our country from succeeding in dealing with this matter, but the political will is required.” Waste incineration, of course, is not and should never be the only way to handle waste. Russia is in dire need of introducing waste sorting. It took almost 25 years for Germans to grow accustomed, and questions remain how long it will take Russians to embrace the sorting principles. Hong Kong - Low oxygen levels in water (hypoxia) pose a significant threat to marine and freshwater ecosystems worldwide as highlighted in the latest research findings of The Education University of Hong Kong (EdUHK) in an article titled “Low oxygen levels affect reproductive function in female fish - across multiple generations”, featured in Science for Environment Policy (Issue 536). This novel finding shows that hypoxia not only impairs reproduction in female fish (Oryzias melastigma), but the adverse effects can be passed on to their descendants in subsequent generations, posing a long-term threat to the sustainability of natural fish populations around the world. “Even offspring that has never been exposed to hypoxia is affected,” emphasized Professor Rudolf Wu Shiu-sun, principal investigator of the study and Research Chair Professor of Biological Sciences at EdUHK. For the first time, his study found this widespread environmental problem can cause reproductive impairments that persist across generations. observed reproductive impairment was further supported by epigenetic changes in the related genes. Professor Wu explained that the results, coupled with findings in his earlier studies, indicate that hypoxia can disrupt sex hormones, resulting in birth defects and reproduction impairment in male fish over several generations, providing strong evidence that hypoxia can affect the sustainability of fish populations in their natural environment. He warned it was crucial for policy makers and the general public to be aware of the impending effects of climate change, which would exacerbate the problem of hypoxia on aquatic ecosystems and fish populations and called for corresponding strategies for fisheries management and conservation. EdUHK research warns of long-lasting impact of hypoxia on marine life The study investigated the transgenerational and epigenetic effects of hypoxia on marine medaka, a model marine fish. First-generation fish were split into two groups and for one month, were exposed to either normoxia (normal oxygen levels of 5.8 mg/L) or hypoxia (low oxygen levels of 1.5 mg/L). Embryos produced by the first generation were collected within one hour of fertilization. Half were reared in hypoxia for two generations and half were returned to normoxia and kept for another two generations. The results revealed that hypoxia caused two major distortions in ovarian development: follicle atresia (breakdown of follicles due to cell death) and retarded oocyte development (a greater number of primary oocytes but fewer vitellogenic oocytes - those containing egg yolk), leading to a significant reduction in hatching success. Most importantly, impairment of ovarian development and reduction of hatching success were also found in the third generation of the transgenerational group though they had never been exposed to hypoxia. The Next >